Liver cancer is a prevalent health issue worldwide. Although it is not among the most common types of cancer, its incidence is on the rise, highlighting the importance of awareness, early diagnosis, and effective treatment.

What is Liver Cancer?

Liver cancer occurs when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably in the liver, the body’s largest internal organ responsible for vital functions like blood filtration, nutrient storage, and bile production. There are two main types of liver cancer:

• Primary Liver Cancer: This begins in the liver itself. The most common type is Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC), followed by Intrahepatic Cholangiocarcinoma (IHC), a cancer of the bile ducts within the liver. A rare form, Angiosarcoma, begins in the liver’s blood vessels.
• Secondary Liver Cancer: This occurs when cancer from another part of the body spreads (metastasizes) to the liver.

Primary liver cancer is more prevalent in individuals with chronic liver disease or prolonged exposure to certain risk factors, as discussed below.

Who is at Risk for Liver Cancer?

Liver cancer doesn’t discriminate but tends to affect certain groups more than others. Key risk factors include:

Chronic Viral Infections: Infections with Hepatitis B (HBV) and Hepatitis C (HCV) are leading causes. These viruses gradually damage liver cells, leading to cirrhosis and, eventually, cancer.

Cirrhosis: A condition characterized by severe scarring of the liver, often caused by chronic liver disease, hepatitis, or excessive alcohol consumption, which greatly increases the risk of liver cancer.

Lifestyle Factors: Conditions such as obesity, diabetes, and heavy alcohol use can harm the liver, heightening the risk of cancer development.

Age and Gender: Liver cancer tends to be more prevalent in men and is most commonly diagnosed in individuals aged 55 to 64.

• Genetics and Ethnicity: People of Asian, Pacific Islander, Hispanic, and American Indian/Alaskan Native descent are at a higher risk compared to Black or white individuals.

Understanding and addressing these risk factors, along with regular screenings, can help prevent or detect liver cancer early.

What Are the Symptoms of Liver Cancer?

In its early stages, liver cancer typically presents no symptoms, making early detection difficult without routine screenings. As the condition advances, the following symptoms may emerge:

• Abdominal Pain or Lump: Usually felt on the right side beneath the rib cage.
• Jaundice: A yellowing of the skin and eyes caused by impaired liver function.
• Unexplained Weight Loss: Frequently accompanied by nausea and a loss of appetite.
• Fatigue and Weakness: Persistent tiredness is common.
• Dark-Colored Urine: A sign of liver-related complications.

If you notice any of these symptoms, especially if you have risk factors for liver cancer, consult your healthcare provider immediately.

How is Liver Cancer Diagnosed?

Doctors use several tests and procedures to diagnose liver cancer, often starting with a physical exam and reviewing your symptoms. Key diagnostic tools include:

• Blood Tests: Liver function tests assess liver enzymes, proteins, and other markers. Elevated alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) levels can indicate liver cancer.
• Imaging Tests:
• Ultrasound: Detects tumors or abnormalities in the liver.
• CT Scan: Provides detailed images of the liver to determine the size and location of tumors.
• MRI: Produces clear images to confirm tumor presence and assess its characteristics.

• Biopsy: A sample of liver tissue is examined to confirm the presence of cancer cells.
• Specialized Tests for IHC:
• Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): Uses a flexible tube to examine bile ducts.
• Percutaneous Transhepatic Cholangiography (PTC): Injects contrast dye into the liver to produce X-ray images of bile ducts.

Early diagnosis through these methods improves the chances of successful treatment.

What Are the Treatment Options for Liver Cancer?

Treatment depends on the stage of cancer, the patient’s overall health, and whether the liver is still functioning effectively. Common treatments include:

Surgery

• Partial Hepatectomy: Removal of part of the liver containing the tumor, suitable for patients with good liver function.
• Liver Transplant: Recommended for advanced cases where the liver is damaged but the cancer is confined. A healthy liver replaces the diseased organ.

Liver-Directed Therapies

• Ablation: Destroys cancer cells directly using heat (radiofrequency ablation) or cold (cryotherapy).
• Hepatic Arterial Embolization: Blocks blood flow to the tumor, starving it of nutrients.

Systemic Treatments

• Chemotherapy: Uses drugs to kill or slow the growth of cancer cells.
• Targeted Therapy: Focuses on specific molecules in cancer cells to inhibit growth.
• Immunotherapy: Boosts the immune system to fight cancer.

Radiation Therapy

• External Beam Radiation: Targets tumors from outside the body.
• Radioembolization: Combines radiation and embolization to treat tumors internally.

For advanced or inoperable cases, treatments focus on managing symptoms and improving quality of life.

How Can Liver Cancer Be Prevented?

While you cannot completely eliminate the risk, you can take steps to significantly reduce your chances of developing liver cancer:

• Get Vaccinated: Vaccination against hepatitis B is highly effective in preventing liver cancer. Consider the hepatitis A vaccine as well.
• Avoid Hepatitis C: Avoid sharing needles, practice safe sex, and get tested if at risk.
• Maintain a Healthy Lifestyle:
• Limit alcohol consumption.
• Maintain a healthy weight through a balanced diet and exercise.

• Screen Regularly: If you have liver disease, diabetes, or are at high risk, regular screenings (ultrasounds and blood tests) can catch cancer early.
• Avoid Toxins: Minimize exposure to aflatoxins (found in improperly stored grains and nuts) and other liver-damaging chemicals.

By taking these measures, you can protect your liver and reduce the likelihood of cancer.

Conclusion

Liver cancer is a severe and potentially life-threatening condition, but early detection and timely treatment can greatly enhance outcomes. Regular screenings, vaccinations, and adopting a healthy lifestyle are crucial for those at risk. If diagnosed, options such as surgery, liver-targeted therapies, or systemic treatments can effectively help manage the disease.

At OncoHeal Cancer Centre, we are committed to providing comprehensive care for liver cancer patients. Our expert team offers advanced treatment options and personalized support, ensuring you receive the best care possible throughout your journey.

Take the first step towards healing today. Contact OncoHeal Cancer Centre for a consultation and learn how we can support you in your fight against liver cancer.